Zapatistas Maintain Suspicion of Mexico’s President-Elect Andrés Manuel López Obrador, “AMLO”

In the days and weeks following the political earthquake caused by the landslide July 1 victory in the Mexican presidential election of center-left populist Andrés Manuel López Obrador, also known as “AMLO,” the Spanish world’s most-populous country has been electrified by levels of hope unseen in nearly two decades. After the last six years of deepening violence and corruption under President Enrique Peña Nieto—the establishment-scion of whose very party was the one scrapped 18 years ago—many exhausted Mexicans are now anxiously waiting to see whether, following his December 1 inauguration, the maverick López Obrador can follow through on his sweeping campaign promises to purge corruption and gear down the blood-drenched war on drugs.

Compared to Hugo Chavez as frequently as he is to Donald Trump, the wildly popular AMLO, as a candidate, was singular in his power to draw massive crowds and generate voter excitement in a time when faith in national politics has descended to abysmal lows. Now that he’s secured the presidency, some have even suggested that a “New Revolution” is underway in the United States’ southern neighbor.

But in many parts of the southernmost state of Chiapas, the optimism which has inflamed the rest of Mexico is strikingly absent. The Zapatistas, a far-left, ostensibly-armed indigenous movement which maintains its self-governed “autonomous zones” here in the state’s southeastern mountains and jungles, continue to regard the presidential-elect with suspicion. Most recently, they have roundly denied supposed advances made by the incoming administration toward reconciling the quasi-conflict which has simmered between the government and the guerrilla-army-turned-social-movement for nearly a quarter century.

“As was public, since 16 years ago,” said a communique issued on the Zapatista website on July 17, 2018, “the EZLN (Spanish acronym for Zapatista Army of National Liberation) has not held dialogues with federal government.”

They rejected their supposed “disposition towards a dialogue” which had been proposed by Father Alejandro Solalinde, a Catholic clergyman and activist with close ties to the President-elect.

The Zapatistas first emerged in the public eye in 1994, when they revolted militarily against the Mexican government in a 12-day war to resist the implementation of NAFTA. Many people then worried—their predictions later borne out by voluminous evidence—that the sweeping free-trade agreement between the U.S., Mexico, and Canada would displace millions of campesinos.

These predictions later became a reality when the Mexican market was bombarded with a slush of  cheap U.S.-agricultural products against which the small farmers couldn’t economically compete. After receiving substantial expressions of solidarity from the Mexican population, the Zapatistas sat down at the table for peace talks with the Mexican government. Meanwhile, they adopted a pacifist philosophy which centered around the creation of their own independently organized “autonomous zones,” free from the influence of the Mexican government. Though virtually no shots have been fired since the 1990s, the simmering Zapatista conflict has yet to be completely resolved.

In the same letter, written by Subcomandante Insurgente Moisés, the Zapatistas expressed a deeper suspicion of conciliatory gestures by the government borne out by harsh experiences from the past.

“The EZLN already has the bitter experience of accepting contact with a man who would soon be declared President-elect,” the letter reads. “We are referring to the Mr. Ernesto Zedillo Ponce De León, who took advantage of those initial contacts to then plan the annihilation of the Zapatista leadership.”

All this comes in light of AMLO’s proclaimed desire to respect all the articles of the 1996 San Andrés Peace Accords, which sought to ameliorate the damages accrued in the years leading up to the Zapatistas’ 1994 uprising. Additionally, AMLO has expressed an indifference, perceived by many as being contemptuous, towards NAFTA, the sweeping neoliberal free-trade agreement between the U.S., Mexico, and Canada which provided the original spark to their rebellion in the first place.

The roots of the indigenous movement’s suspicion towards the president-elect go back as far as the mid-2000s. AMLO was the mayor of Mexico City then, a role he carried out to a chorus of approval from many sides, thanks to what were perceived as progressive reforms. And the Zapatistas, who are now a backwater within Mexican political consciousness, far overshadowed by the deepening specter of drug violence, were still riding their zenith of publicity then, making “The Other Campaign,” a march to the nation’s capital to raise awareness of indigenous persecution, in 2006.

“It’s in the Sixth Declaration [of the Lacandon Jungle],” historian Gaspar Morquecho told me of the roots of Zapatista hostility to AMLO.

The Sixth Declaration, which expressed a desire to resist neoliberalism by forming political alliances outside of the electoral system and was one of the lengthiest public manifestos of the Zapatistas. It was released in 2005, just as the 2006 elections, which eventually saw AMLO defeated by a hair-thin margin, were getting underway. It is now widely believed by many Mexicans that electoral fraud saw AMLO stripped of his rightful victory that year.

“It had been said by Subcomandante Marcos,” Morquecho said, “that if Lopez Obrador won the presidency, the Republic would not be for everyone.” He went on to explain that the Zapatistas believe that any “radical nature” perceived in AMLO’s proposed overhauls was merely a façade, concealing a lack of desire to fundamentally restructure Mexico’s economic system and a willingness to work with the business class to which many campesinos see themselves as the exploited victims.

“When some people say, ‘they aren’t going to accept a dialogue with Andrés Manuel López Obrador,’” Jorge Santiago, a former member and spokesperson with the EZLN, told me, “Now, this (just) doesn’t correspond with the truth.” Santiago said that the Zapatistas would be open to dialogues with the government, but only on their terms, according to their principles of respect for indigenous autonomy.

Many Zapatistas felt that when such formal dialogues took place the last time, in San Andrés in 1996, that the government didn’t uphold their end of the bargain of negotiations, refusing specifically to support the autonomy articles pushed so heavily by the group. Disillusion became more acute as paramilitary violence spiked sharply in the years following San Andrés, with state governments turning a blind eye to the killings.

These events seemed to paint themselves as a dark denouement to the five centuries of conquest experienced by the indigenous people of Chiapas, whether it be at the hands of conquistadores, Porfirian-era hacendados or neoliberal governments. Distrust in any form of dialogue with the government, thus, is not a new phenomenon, and if there is any to be had with AMLO, it will likely come slowly.

In 2018, the Zapatistas broke new ground by entering a fringe candidate, María de Jesús Patricio Martínez, known colloquially as “Marichuy,” into the presidential elections. Marichuy had no desire to win: she was merely using the national state of the campaign to amplify the concerns for indigenous peoples in Mexico. A member of the National Indigenous Congress, which the Zapatistas helped found in 1996, she harbored no ambitions for the elections beyond merely representing the voices of Mexico’s outcasted minorities. "Marichuy's dedication to a radical restructuring of Mexico's capitalist system—alongside her unwillingness to be 'bought out' by corporate donors- is what the Zapatistas believe the more popular AMLO fundamentally lacked as a candidate and politician."

“AMLO does not represent real change,” said Gustavo Esteva, a writer and economist with close ties to the Zapatista movement. “It [MORENA, the political party founded in 2012 by the President-elect] pretends to be ‘the Left.’ And he’s more or less populist in the sense that he’ll have very good solid programs for the people—some of them designed by the World Bank. He has said so many times, ‘I would not like to replace capitalism, just cure it of its ills.’”

Many in the Zapatista communities seem similarly suspicious that AMLO’s progressivism is a façade disguising a fundamental indifference towards changing neoliberal capitalism the very force to which they feel themselves victim and against which they revolted.

The public letter issued by the Zapatistas on July 5, 2018, to announce their convocation in a public meeting in the community of Morelia between August 3 and 5 consists, for the majority of its 2,896 words, of a bizarrely apocalyptic anecdote:

An unnamed man walks into a stadium closely resembling the FIFA World Cup, which was still in its early throes at the time of the letter’s publication. The crowd, awash with hysteria over the final results of the game, is too busy celebrating to notice that a woman was raped in one corner. In another corner, a collapsed chunk of cement that has killed dozens draw little attention from the masses, hypnotized as they are by the gaudy spectacle taking place midfield.

The man, confused by the histrionic celebration, sees a lone girl, who asks him who exactly owns the stadium. He is so overwhelmed by the lights and confetti that he can’t respond with certainty that he knows. “…[T]he owner never loses,” says the little girl to the man. “It doesn’t matter which team wins and which loses, the owner always wins.”

To many, it makes for an uneasy allegory for a political culture in which the media treats opposing parties as if they were teams in the World Cup, but in which all are truly supplicants for the same corporate elites.

In a fitting symbol for the Zapatistas’ retreat into their own autonomous zones, the letter ends with the man and girl leaving the stadium:

“‘Why?” the man in the anecdote asks the girl as she anxiously leaves the chaotic roar of the grandstands.

“Gesturing to the foundations of the huge building, the little girl answers,

‘It’s going to fall.’”